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--- tags: civil-defense, 民防, 數位韌性松, disaster-prevention-pwa, digital-resilience --- # 了解台灣可能造成全國性、地區性無法正常使用網路的災害 ## 地震 地震因為會造成電力線、基地台、電塔等基礎設施的損壞,台灣過往經歷地震造成了不少通訊設施因此失效的問題。 ### 1999年921集集大地震: 這是台灣近代最嚴重的地震之一,芮氏規模7.6~7.7。造成斷電、斷網、電話無法聯繫。大台中地區對外長途及行動電話通訊中斷約4小時。梨山-東勢光纜中斷,且因中橫公路嚴重受損,修復困難。市內電話網路方面,地震造成東勢、南投、埔里、鹿谷、卓蘭等52個交換局中繼光纜受損,致對外通訊中斷,因地表遭受嚴重擠壓,地下管線變形或拉扯,中部地區受損客戶計205,291戶。至於行動電話方面,全區之基地台由於傳輸線或電力中斷等原因造成1,500台基地台故障而無法通訊(來源:[wikipedia](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/921%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87)。 ### 2016年高雄美濃地震: 芮氏規模6.6,造成台南地區嚴重災情。針對通訊的影響,五家電信業者中華電信、台灣大哥大、遠傳電信、亞太電信以及台灣之星設備損失約為176萬3千元,並造成1,248戶市話中斷及143處行動電話基地臺損壞,影響臺南市與高雄共27行政區的部分通訊,多數通訊設備因地震影響而損壞,但大多數設備在隔天修復好(來源:[wikipedia](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2016%E5%B9%B4%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E7%BE%8E%E6%BF%83%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87))。 ### 2024年花蓮地震: 芮氏規模7.2,比起1999年921地震,固網、海纜等台灣主要通訊線路不受影響。台灣三大電信業者最嚴重時共有172個基地台故障,預計同日內修復完成。而花蓮天祥一帶因電力中斷造成的網路中斷,數位部出動災害應變車,後續利用低軌衛星OneWeb來讓部份地區可以成功連網(來源:[wikipedia](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2024%E5%B9%B4%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87)) ## 颱風、土石流/走山 台灣近20年重大颱風、大雨導致的土石流災害,因異常降雨,導致淹水讓設備損壞,或土石流讓村落遭受災害,因而失去通訊,甚至隔了一陣子之後才發現災情。 ### 2001年桃芝颱風 花蓮縣光復鄉大興村、神木村土石流,失聯無通訊設施。 ### 2004年敏督利颱風 台中縣和平鄉松鶴派出所為土石流淹沒,完全外界失聯達數天之久(來源:[大型自然災害下大規模救災緊急通訊系統方案(連耀南,黃智賢)](https://www.cs.nccu.edu.tw/~lien/Pub/c88ccn.pdf)。 ### 2009年莫拉克颱風 造成高雄縣小林村重大傷亡,是近年最嚴重的風災,於通訊中斷下外界無法得知災情進行救援,道路中斷,最後造成重大傷亡;台東知本溫泉區多處因災害通訊中斷。 ### 2015年蘇迪勒颱風 新北市烏來區嚴重土石流,通訊中斷二天。 ### 2023小犬颱風 台東縣離島蘭嶼鄉,水管水塔電線電桿多被強風破壞,因與本島的微波傳輸受損,導致電信中斷四天。 ## 火山爆發 台灣目前尚未因大規模的火山爆發導致災情,然而世界各地有出現過因為火山爆發而阻礙通訊的事蹟,又台灣許多地區有活火山,包含大台北的陽明山。 阻斷通訊的可能: - 火山灰,火山噴發時釋放的大量火山灰可能干擾無線電信號、衛星通訊和手機網絡。火山灰粒子可以散射或吸收電磁波,導致信號減弱或完全中斷。 - 熔岩流、火山碎屑流或地震可能會損壞通訊塔、電纜和其他關鍵基礎設施,直接導致通訊中斷。 - 電力中斷:火山活動可能會損壞電力設施或導致大範圍停電,進而影響依賴電力的通訊系統。 - 光纖電纜:海底火山噴發可能會損壞海底光纖電纜,影響洲際通訊。 ## 戰爭 戰爭發生時,因為電力、通訊等基礎設施容易被當作被攻擊目標,會因此導致通訊中斷。 另一部份,因為需要阻斷敵方的通訊,戰爭會出現不少無線通訊干擾,例如廣域頻率干擾、定向干擾、GPS干擾、EMP武器,導致通訊設備失效。

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